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Jax skrev:
Andratonsdist eller rättare sagt dist med jämna övertoner är harmoniska och låter skönt samt tenderar att förstärka upplösningen framförallt i högre frekvenser. Många tycker detta är "transparens" men det är alltså inte riktigt sant.
Aerob skrev:
Sprudel: Kör du med rör till dina i16s?
sprudel skrev: Svårt att förklara, men om man tänker sig att lufttrycket var mycket lägre och luften inte lika tät så att ljudvågorna tog sig fram bättre.
Laila skrev:Pyttsan !
sprudel skrev:Order! Åter till ämnet. Här kommer ett juste försök till förklaring och också en förklaring varför man inte hör fenomenet i samma utsträckning vid lyssning av enskilda ljud. Allt från Lavardins hemsida:
sprudel skrev:Order! Åter till ämnet. Här kommer ett juste försök till förklaring och också en förklaring varför man inte hör fenomenet i samma utsträckning vid lyssning av enskilda ljud. Allt från Lavardins hemsida:
"The memory distortion (1) of components is the greatest discovery in analog audio design over the last twenty years. It clearly demonstrates the reasons why a good valve amplifier can beat its solid state counterpart hands down for sheer musical enjoyment. Memory distortion is the property that is the dominant factor in causing solid state amplifiers to sound shrill and mechanical. Tube technology allows electrons to travel through a vacuum which leaves no storage or memory effect, but solid-state amplifiers use silicon components which keep a trace of current flow that has gone through . New electron flow is continuously affected by the pattern of the immediately preceding electron flow. As soon as the memory effect of these solid state circuits is reduced, all the improvements that transistor technology brings, such as unlimited power, accuracy, very low harmonic distortion and extended and linear frequency response, can be added to the most alive and silky musical rendition of the best single-ended monotriode designs. This may not sound very new: some manufacturers claim to combine valve smoothness with the muscle of solid state power by using hybrid designs. As a result, they only combine the memory distortion of solid state with the limited bandwidth and distortion capability of valves. This discovery at Lavardin Technologies demonstrates that the classic measurements made all over the world for the last decade are meaningless when considering the musical quality of an amplifier. In fact, when fixed frequency or fixed level test signals are used, it is not possible to detect remnant "memory" signals. Fixed frequency or fixed level signals may occur for less than 0.01% of the duration of any classical piece of music!! We do not believe that good sounding audio amplifiers should be designed to be perfect for 100% of the test time and only for 0.01% of the actual time they are reproducing music !!!"
This paper is related to a new approach of audio circuit measurements. Present distortion measurements fail to tally with listening tests, and try to define effects of memoryless non-linear transfer functions. Unfortunately, audio circuits are not memoryless.
INTRODUCTION
Measurement of distortion is fundamental for design and evaluation of audio circuits. Several techniques have been defined for distortion measurement and have been widely used for improvement of audio circuits. However, the evaluation of top quality circuits via listening test does not tally with the figures given by they poor techniques, and more people in spite ofthey poor distortion figures.
There have been some attempts to define new, sharper measurements better correlated with subjective tests, but with little success. An explanation of this failure may be that these new measurements are based on the classical theoretical model of distortion, regardless of possible misconception concerning distortion in audio circuits. Questioning the theorical basesof audio circuit distortion is fruitfull and leads to breaking new ground in audio circuit measurement.
SUMMARISED THEORETICAL ANALYSIS : TRADITIONAL THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
The classical theoretical model of an audio power amplifier is the base for measuring amplifier distortion. It is made up of a perfect amplifier and two distortion generators : the linear distortion generator corresponds to the amplitude, phase, phase-slope and group delay modifications resulting from the band limitations of a real amplifier ; the non-linear distorsion generator corresponds to the non-linear transfer characteristique of a real amplifier.
The aim of current distortion measurement is to characterise the distortion generators. Band limitation and non-linear transfer function are measured in order to fully characterize the circuit under test and to define its distortion for any audio signal. The characterisation of the distortion generators is made with sinusoidal signal.
This approach is rigorous and valid as long as the model itself is valid. The validity of the distortion model is widely accepted even though this model does not take account a known distortion phenomenon : Transient Intermodulation Distortion. The reason for this is probably that TID (as far as this concept is limited to slew-rate limitation) only affects poorly designed circuits and can easily be avoided. However, slew-rate limitation shows that linear and non linear distortions can be combined in a more complex way than in the classical amplifier model.
Unfortunately, other phenomena combining linear and non-linear distortion occur in many audio amplifiers. Thus their non-linearity is not adequately analysed with sine waves and thus by classical distortion measurements. It is possible to exaggerate these phenomena and to design two simple circuits exhibiting exactly the same classical distortion measurement (band limitations, non-linear distortion figures and spectrum) but showing different distortions with many non sinusoidal and audio signals. These circuits also have a very different sound quality. They prove that the classical measurements of a circuit are usually unable to define its sound quality.
This example highlights a basic limitation of classical measurements in that static measurements are only reliable for stable systems. Classical measurements reply on the implicit hypothesis that the distortion characteristics are immuable. If not, classical measurements fail to fully characterise circuit distortion and to define circuit behaviour with any signal.
NEW THEORETICAL ANALISYS
A thorough theoretical analysis of audio circuits reveals many possible causes making characteristics unstable, and especially, variable according to the signal. There are many sources of memory in audio circuits :
Memory occurs in components.
Memory also occurs in circuits and mainly results from combinations of non-linear transfer functions and band limitations.
Gobal memory is the combination of all these memory effects.
A new circuit model including memory can be proposed for distortion analysis. The linear distortion is produces not only by the band limitation effects, but also by the memorizing of the signal. The non-linear distortion is produced by a non-linear variable transfert function.
The new distortion model is more complex than the previous one and its characteristics are not easy to measure. Memory phenomena are ignored by measurements using static signals like steady-state sine waves (or the signals used for the attemps of new measurements).
RESULTS USING A NEW MEASUREMENT SET
Measurements of memory were made with a new measurement set ;
on a commercially available high quality transistor amplifier, with a THD of -86dBc at the level of the test signal.
on a triode tube amplifier (SE 300B) designed by an audiophile, with a THD of -27dBc at the level of the test signal.
on a new transistor amplifier designed for low memory, with a THD of about -110dBc at the level of test signal.
RESULTS AND CORRELATION WITH LISTENING TESTS
Several listening tests were made with the mesured AC amplifiers in different conditions, with different listeners ; they gave the same results. They seem to show that the measured memory is better correlated with sound quality than the THD.
The tube amplifier, in spite of its poor distortion figure, was judged as giving a much more natural sound than the traditional transistor amplifier, completely in opposition to the traditional distortion measurement values.
The memory-free transistor amplifier (Lavardin Technologies), thanks to its unusual sound quality, was preferred to the tube amplifier even by tube fanatics involved in the listenings tests. This results invalidate an explanation for the preference for tube circuits : the hypothesis of distortion pleasant for the ear.
CONCLUSION :
These limited first results of memory measurements in audio circuits prove that memory really occurs in audio circuits. They show that the proposed model for circuit distortion is closer to reality than the traditional model.
Even if the reason for the audibility of memory distortion is not yet clear, the quality improvement resulting from a memory-free design shows that memory is audible. Low memory distortion is the reason for the good sound of tubes.
nolimitsoya skrev:Jag tror inte att din fontritning är helt optimalt inställd.![]()
Objektivisten skrev:sprudel skrev:Order! Åter till ämnet. Här kommer ett juste försök till förklaring och också en förklaring varför man inte hör fenomenet i samma utsträckning vid lyssning av enskilda ljud. Allt från Lavardins hemsida:
http://www.faktiskt.se/modules.php?name=Forums&file=viewtopic&t=29272&postdays=0&postorder=asc&highlight=minnesdistorsion&start=0
TECHNICAL CORNER
What does memory distortion exactly mean?
Memory distortion is a new concept in distortion process analysis. Usual concepts of distortion are based on a very simple distortion model which does not tally with the real behaviour of electronic circuits. In the classic theoretical model of distortion, distortion of a non selective circuit results from its band limitations for linear distortion and from its non-linear transfer function for non-linear distortion. This model is a good approximation for audio circuits. But for highest quality audio it is too simplistic. It results from a tonal approach to circuits for design and measurement. The tonal approach is very important and can be done accurately, but it ignores time; and musical flow is a key issue. That means that the classic approach to distortion measurements are valid only for time independent systems. However, the main difference between noise and music IS organisation in time. Audio circuits are not independent of time. A detailed analysis of their behaviour with non-stationary signals reveals many changes in their characteristics. The amplitude of these changes is generally low, and these changes remain hidden by stationary signals. This is the reason why they cannot be detected with classic (and tonal) measuring systems and are thus ignored by audio designers. The amplitude of these changes, however, is often great enough to be easily audible in high quality audio systems. That is the reason why listening tests with these systems do not tally with the usual measurements. These measurements are not able to characterise the behaviour of the circuits for musical signals in the time domain. They aim to measure THE transfer function, but they only measure ONE of the transfer functions - those which correspond to stationary signals. Most audio system are designed to be perfect for sine waves, but these are a very limited part of the total audio signal. These changes in circuit characteristics are linked to the signal itself, but not in real time, which leads to our new and exclusive concept of memory distortion. Memory distortion occurs each time that the dynamic behaviour of a system is different from its static behaviour. If there is no memory distortion, then static and dynamic behaviour are similar and classic (static) measurements are valid. This is the secret of "tube sound". We are proud at Lavardin Technologies to have full control over that which remains "The mystery of tube musicality" for previous audio designers.
The main source of memory in components is known as thermal feedback in transistors.
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The principle of this measurement consists of freezing the input signal at a fixed value and measuring the output drift which reveals the fleeting memory of the circuit under test.
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The measurement set uses an external generator whose signal is on-off
modulated ( Fig, 4 ). For these first measurements, the input signal was very simple ( sinus, triangle or square ) and a synchronised time base modulated it to a tone-burst; however, this method is compatible with any input signal ( including real audio signals ).
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The memorised signal is a "ghost" signal superimposed on the input
signal. Its amplitude is about - 60 dBc.
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